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Weekly Climate and Energy News Roundup #537


The Week That Was: 2023-01-21 (January 21, 2023)
Brought to You by SEPP (www.SEPP.org)
The Science and Environmental Policy Project

Quote of the Week: If there is something very slightly wrong in our definition of the theories, then the full mathematical rigor may convert these errors into ridiculous conclusions.” —Richard Feynman, Lectures on Gravitation.

Number of the Week:600,000 Hiroshima sized atomic bombs per day.

THIS WEEK:

By Ken Haapala, President, Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP)

Scope: The following issues will be discussed. TWTW had intended to review Tim Palmer’s book, highly praised by recent Nobel laureates in physics: The Primacy of Doubt: From Quantum Physics to Climate Change. How the Science of Uncertainty Can Help Us Understand Our Chaotic World in context of an interview of Richard Lindzen. However, their approach to understanding the atmosphere is so different that it is as if Palmer and Lindzen are on different planets with different atmospheres. Instead, TWTW will review Palmer’s book in context of Thomas Sowell’s 1995 book: The Vision of the Anointed: Self-Congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy.

Planning Engineer Russell Schussler cited Sowell’s book in explaining the two different approaches in addressing the problems that placing more wind and solar on the grid is causing to the grid. In “Academics and the Grid Part 3: Visionaries and Problem Solvers” Schussler describes these two groups and the possible consequences.

Jennifer Marohasy begins a series on surface measurement of temperatures by discussing that one of the issues regarding claims that a recent year was hotter than previous years is a change in the instruments used to measure temperatures and the appropriate procedures that should be followed after making a switch, but, at least in some cases, are not.

Roy Spencer begins a two-part series on the characteristics of urbanization at or near surface weather stations that record high temperatures. According to Spencer, “current homogenization techniques can remove abrupt changes in station data but cannot correct for any sources of slowly-increasing spurious warming.” Spencer uses the U.S. Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) dataset which is maintained by NOAA. As Spencer cites, Anthony Watts and his team have pointed out that most of the stations surveyed do not meet the standards required by NOAA regulations.

Meteorologist Cliff Mass who specializes in the US Northwest reports that with the recent snow and rain the drought in California is over, even though the official record keepers do not realize it.

Meteorologist Art Horn discusses a lengthy chronology available on the web that covers early weather events from about the time of Christ to 1900. This may be a valuable resource in checking claims that a certain extreme weather event is “unprecedented,” that is never had been known to occur before.

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Rigor Without Math: Since the time of Galileo, mathematics has been considered the language of science.  Unfortunately, like every other language, it can mislead and deceive. Or as Richard Feynman has said:

“The first principle is that you must not fool yourself and you are the easiest person to fool.”

This caution applies to mathematical modelers. In the 1970s and 80s, a fashionable concept among economists was the “balanced budget multiplier,” if a central government expanded taxes and spending equally, the budget could be balanced, and prosperity increased. The most extreme example was the Soviet Union, a non-market economy where the government controlled the major taxing and spending. Many noted economists claimed the Soviet economy was comparable, or even better, than the US economy. However, when the Soviet economy imploded, the balanced budget multiplier quietly disappeared from the textbooks.

An outstanding economist who gained notice at the time is Thomas Sowell. As his career developed, he moved from using equations, graphs, and jargon to explain difficult economic concepts by using plain, clear English. He was able to explain concepts that largely eluded others, such as the ones he articulates in his 1995 book: The Vision of the Anointed: Self-Congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy.

Later he wrote Basic Economics: A Citizen’s Guide to the Economy. It took him ten years and he considered it the most demanding project he ever undertook. In Basic Economics, Sowell draws examples from around the world and from history because:

“…the basic principles of economics are not limited to modern capitalist societies and apply even to situations where no money changes hands, such as caring for wounded soldiers on a battlefield. The focus of Basic Economics is not on how individuals make money but on how whole societies create prosperity or poverty for their peoples by the way they organize their economies. Prosperous countries with few natural resources, such as Japan and Switzerland, are as common as poor countries with rich resources, such as Russia and Mexico.” (From the dust jacket.)

The Vision of the Anointed is:

“…a devastating critique of the mindset behind the failed social policies of the past thirty years. Author Thomas Sowell sees what has happened not as a series of isolated mistakes but as a logical consequence of a vision whose defects have led to disasters in education, crime, family disintegration, and other social pathology.

“This is an empirical study in which ‘politically correct’ theory is repeatedly confronted with facts – and the sharp contradictions between the two explained in terms of whole set of self-congratulatory assumptions held by political and intellectual elites. These elites – the anointed – often consider themselves ‘thinking people’ but much of what is called thinking turns out, on examination, to be rhetorical assertion followed by evaluations of mounting evidence against these assertions.” (From the dust jacket)

In particular, Chapter 4 covers “The Irrelevance of Evidence.” Sowell notes that:

“Factual evidence and logical arguments are often not merely lacking but ignored in many discussions by those with the vision of the anointed. Much that is said by the anointed in the outward form of an argument turns out not to be arguments at all. Often the logical structure of an argument is replaced by preemptive rhetoric or, where an argument is made, its validity remains unchecked against any evidence, even when such evidence is abundant. Evidence is often particularly abundant when it comes to statements about history, yet the anointed have repeatedly been as demonstrably wrong about the past as about the present or the future – and as supremely confident.” (p. 64) [Boldface added]

See link under Challenging the Orthodoxy. Page references apply to the version cited.

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The Primacy of Doubt: The above paragraph neatly summarizes what is disturbing about the beautifully written, superbly argued, and highly praised: The Primacy of Doubt: From Quantum Physics to Climate Change. How the Science of Uncertainty Can Help Us Understand Our Chaotic World – contradictory physical evidence is ignored.

Tim Palmer divides his book into three parts: 1) The Science of Uncertainty; 2) Predicting Our Chaotic World; and 3) Understanding the Chaotic Universe and Our Place in It. In the beginning of part 3, he writes:

“A caveat: the discussion in Part III is much more speculative than Parts I and II.” (p. 199)

The question is are Parts I and II factual – consistent with all physical evidence from experiments and observations? Part I is a theoretical discussion of Chaos, the Geometry of Chaos, the problems of turbulence in fluids, nonlinear systems where numerical precision is impossible, and possible solution to quantum uncertainty – the use of an ensemble of systems (ensemble of models). Palmer states:

“Now you see why quantum physics fits so easily into a book focusing on ensemble forecasting for weather and climate prediction.” (p. 73)

One of the problems created by those addressing issues arising from the ensemble of models (systems) is that modelers claim that the results are dependent on the initial conditions and dismiss the issues. (Nonlinear systems are not deterministic, where a unique solution can be found.)

It is not until the second chapter in Part II, “Climate Change; Catastrophe or Just Lukewarm?” that TWTW found major problems in accepting the claims in the book. In this section Palmer writes:

“Directly from this effect, a doubling of carbon dioxide from pre-industrial times will warm the surface of the Earth by a little more than 1°C – perhaps not something to make a big deal of. Here the minimalists are correct.” (p. 113)

Palmer then discusses the experiments of John Tyndall, discussed in previous TWTWs, who found that the dominant greenhouse gas is water vapor. Palmer argues we should be worried that an increase temperatures from carbon dioxide will then cause an increase in water vapor resulting in an amplification of the greenhouse effect, as stated in the 1979 Charney Report also discussed in previous TWTWs. Palmer goes on to write:

“The greenhouse effect from this extra water vapor increases the warming of the air from carbon dioxide alone. The direct warming due to a doubling of carbon dioxide is a little over 1°C. However, if we add this water vapor feedback, the warming doubles to just over 2°C (3.6°F). If we also take into account the fact that reflective ice and snow cover on the Earth’s surface start to disappear as the Earth gets warmer, so that more of the sun’s energy is absorbed at the surface, the warming increases to about 2.5°C (4.5°F). Now climate change starts to become something to worry about.’ (p. 114)

Thus, not only do the forecasts of an ensemble of climate models give results that starts to give rise to concern about warming from rising carbon dioxide, but Tim Palmer’s discussion also gives grounds for assessing the reliability of the ensemble of the models against physical evidence. TWTW has no issue with the warming calculated from a doubling of CO2, but it takes issue with the warming from an increase in water vapor caused by CO2 warming and a subsequent warming of the Arctic.

In reverse order, as stated in the October 29 TWTW, Professor Wyss Yim of Hong Kong University compellingly described a warming of the oceans from submerged volcanoes in both the Pacific and the Atlantic. This warming is separate and distinct from the naturally occurring El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is false to attribute it to greenhouse gas warming because infrared radiation, the energy of greenhouse warming, cannot penetrate the oceans by more than a millimeter (0.04 inches).

Since the 1979 Charney Report, Roy Spencer and John Christy developed a way of using data collected by satellites to measure atmospheric temperature trends. These show a warming of 0.13°C, far less than that attributed to a warming from carbon dioxide and water vapor asserted by Palmer. Further, for over 50 years researchers have been using data from spectroscopic instruments on weather balloons to measure changes in the greenhouse effect from all major greenhouse gases, the HITRAN database used by van Wijngaarden and Happer. No one has been able to detect a significant increase in water vapor which amplifies the carbon dioxide greenhouse effect discussed by Palmer.

For these reasons, TWTW considers the Climate Change section in Palmer’s book as speculation contradicted by physical evidence, no matter how brilliantly written and highly praised. See link under Defending the Orthodoxy and appropriate TWTWs. Page references apply to the version cited.

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Visionaries and Problem Solvers: Planning Engineer Russell Schussler begins his new essay:

“The potential of climate change with an unworkable grid is the most frightening potential scenario of all. We need visionaries and problem solvers to avoid this scenario.

“This is the third installment in a series concerning academics and the grid. Part 1 observed that it was frequently the case that an academic paper which solved some component of a problem integrating a’ green’ resource would be interpreted to imply that all problems associated with integrating that ‘green’ resource had been solved.  Part 2 looked at the large body of papers published on the net zero transition and noted most of the attention was on smaller components, while the larger problems associated with the grid were ignored. This body of research as a whole generate serious misimpressions by distracting from the major concerns and causing policy makers to discount the significant challenges ahead in increasing renewable penetration.

“In the previous post “Academics and the Grid Part 2: Are They Studying the Right Things?” it was noted that researchers on grid issues related to an energy transition, could be roughly divided into two camps. I referred to the first of these groups as Visionaries and the second group as Problem Solvers. The study work and recommendations from these two groups are approached in different ways, have differing audiences and unfortunately are unequal in impacting energy policy.

“Problem Solvers tend to work on present and emerging challenges. These are highly technical academics, engineers, and scientists.  They tend to look for solutions to emerging problems without questioning their drivers. Problem solvers ask themselves how do we better adapt to the increase wind and solar we are seeing on the grid. For the most part they do not question or endorse the emerging trends. They see their work as important for maintaining the grid. While they are our best hope for adapting to change, some may see them as tools of the industry with too narrow a focus.

“Visionaries are idealistic and consequently more likely to advance research and development to achieve greater societal goals. They see their work as necessary for the planet as a whole. They advocate for lowering carbon emissions and promote research to facilitate the goal of CO2 reduction. The Visionaries share the perspective that the ‘green energy’ transition lies somewhere between ‘we can do this’ to ‘once we get this going, we will figure it all out and the benefits will be enormous.’”

Later Schussler discusses the difference in mathematical skills between the visionaries and problem solvers as they apply to the grid:

I will note that the mathematics used by the Academics to look at resource replacement, backup and transmission doesn’t go much beyond arithmetic with maybe some probability and statistics. Even then the study work is often done by modelling software. The mathematics needed for Problem Solvers to address the major concerns span mathematics from arithmetic to algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and differential equations. It may be too much to expect that many Academics with technological knowledge and capabilities would devote their efforts to sabotaging their career.

Schussler makes excellent points in discussion of conspiracy theories:

“I am greatly suspicious of ‘conspiracy theories.’ I can’t believe that any parts of the green movement or any governments are plotting to bring down the grid and set back industrialized civilization. But if they were, a good strategy would look a lot like what we are seeing. How might one seek to turn the economic and reliable grid into a costly, complicated system prone to blackouts? Discarding dependable generators and replacing with asynchronous intermittent technology would be a good way. To support this transition and forestall questions, in the public arena, have reputable scientists (Academics) pick small problems and show that they might be solved. This work will distract from the real problems. Examining the challenges evaluated by the Academics, the transition might look doable. In the background technical experts (the Problem Solvers) work on forestalling the problems that will soon become insurmountable. While the grid transition is not a nefarious plot, we might be better off it was. As Dietrich Bonhoeffer described malice may be a lesser enemy that what we face. Dealing with well-intentioned but misled true believers who become more strident and committed in the face of increasing evidence of the short comings may be a much more alarming scenario than what is described in this paragraph.”

Schussler concludes with:

‘We are a long way from figuring out how to solve for a net zero grid in terms of just theory and what might work on paper for many fundamental emerging grid problems. Work is underway on the puzzle pieces with mixed results. How they might fit together takes it to another level. The challenges of a quick transition to a net zero carbon grid dwarf the complexities of the Kemper [carbon capture] and Ivanpah [central solar] projects. Bright engineers, scientists and academics are working on the challenges, but they don’t trumpet their concerns as do those with ‘victories’ on smaller problems. It almost seems at time as if all the flash and attention is focused on the more ‘minor’ successes to distract an audience from the more serious concerns emerging from wind and solar. The Visionaries will have their vision and Problem Solvers will be committed to their problems. Who will tie true vision to the actual problems? It will be dangerous if policy makers are swayed by those who are overly optimistic. We can’t survive a grid transformation that looked good on paper but in the end turns out to be as disastrous as Kemper and Ivanpah.’

The physical evidence showing the benefits of adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere are clear, the harms claimed are highly questionable, and the path to Net Zero is fraught with danger. See link under Challenging the Orthodoxy.

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Surface Measurements: Issues with ground-air measurements at the surface are being separately explored by Jennifer Marohasy and Roy Spencer. Marohasy is examining the discrepancies in the temperatures being recorded by The Australian Bureau of Meteorology in homogenization:

“…stripping away the natural warming and cooling cycles that correspond with periods of drought and flooding), and also by scratching historical hottest day records, then there is the setting of limits on how cold a temperature can now be recorded and also by replacing mercury thermometers with temperature probes that are purpose-built, as far as I can tell, to record hotter for the same weather.”

Marohasy shows how changing instruments from mercury thermometers to temperature probes changes high temperatures.

“There is a discrepancy because the value on the ‘latest observations’ page is the last one second reading for that 30-minute period, while the value entered into the permanent archive is the highest one second reading for the entire day.”

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) provides a clear definitions of daily maximum temperature. This temperature can be read directly from a mercury thermometer, but when using a temperature probe ‘instantaneous’ values must be averaged over one to ten minutes.”

Spencer cites the discrepancies by Anthony Watts in poor placement of instruments in U.S. Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). However, he writes:

“I’ve taken a different approach by using global datasets of population density and, more recently, analysis of high-resolution Landsat satellite-based measurements of Global Human Settlements “Built-Up” areas. I have also started analyzing weather station data (mostly from airports) which have hourly time resolution, instead of the usual daily maximum and minimum temperature data (Tmax, Tmin) measurements that make up current global land temperature datasets. The hourly data stations are, unfortunately, fewer in number but have the advantage of better maintenance since they support aviation safety and allow examination of how UHI effects vary throughout the day and night.”

Spencer finds:

“There are a few important and interesting things to note …”

1.         Few GHCN station locations are truly rural: 13.2% are less than 5% urbanized, while 68.4% are less than 10% urbanized.

2.         Virtually all station locations have experienced an increase in building, and none have decreased (which would require a net destruction of buildings, returning the land to its natural state).

3.         Greatest growth has been in areas not completely rural and not already heavily urbanized…. That is, very rural locations stay rural, and heavily urbanized locations have little room to grow anyway.”

“In Part II I will examine how GHCN station temperature trends relate to station urbanization for a variety of countries, in both the raw (unadjusted) temperature data and in the homogenized (adjusted) data, and also look at how growth in urbanization compares to average urbanization.”

See links under Measurement Issues — Surface

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Changing Climate and Weather: For the chronological listing of early weather events, which TWTW has not reviewed see links under Changing Climate. For evidence supporting the assertion by Cliff Mass that the California Drought is over see links under Changing Weather.

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Number of the Week: 600,000 Hiroshima sized atomic bombs per day. The 2023 multi-ring climate circus has begun in Davos, Switzerland, at the World Economic Forum (WEF), as an assembly of hundreds of private jet nearby demonstrates. Perhaps many believe that such a display of private wealth is proof that the attendees understand how economic systems work and how personal consumption of hydrocarbon fuels is wrecking the world’s economies.

A lead attendee is The Anointed Al Gore who declared that the human-caused greenhouse effect is having the impact of exploding 600,000 Hiroshima sized atomic bombs per day and causing the oceans to boil. TWTW did not run the calculations but wonders what Al Gore thinks of that giant thermonuclear object in the sky – the Sun. See links under Below the Bottom Line and Article #1

Censorship

Activist fact-checkers are misleading the public on polar bear numbers

By Susan Crockford, Polar Bear Science, Jan 16, 2023

Challenging the Orthodoxy — NIPCC

Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science

Idso, Carter, and Singer, Lead Authors/Editors, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), 2013

Summary: https://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/CCR/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf

Climate Change Reconsidered II: Biological Impacts

Idso, Idso, Carter, and Singer, Lead Authors/Editors, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), 2014

http://climatechangereconsidered.org/climate-change-reconsidered-ii-biological-impacts/

Summary: https://www.heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-IIb/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf

Climate Change Reconsidered II: Fossil Fuels

By Multiple Authors, Bezdek, Idso, Legates, and Singer eds., Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, April 2019

http://store.heartland.org/shop/ccr-ii-fossil-fuels/

Download with no charge:

http://climatechangereconsidered.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Climate-Change-Reconsidered-II-Fossil-Fuels-FULL-Volume-with-covers.pdf

Why Scientists Disagree About Global Warming

The NIPCC Report on the Scientific Consensus

By Craig D. Idso, Robert M. Carter, and S. Fred Singer, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), Nov 23, 2015

http://climatechangereconsidered.org/

Download with no charge:

https://www.heartland.org/policy-documents/why-scientists-disagree-about-global-warming

Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate

S. Fred Singer, Editor, NIPCC, 2008

http://www.sepp.org/publications/nipcc_final.pdf

Global Sea-Level Rise: An Evaluation of the Data

By Craig D. Idso, David Legates, and S. Fred Singer, Heartland Policy Brief, May 20, 2019

Challenging the Orthodoxy

The Vision Of The Anointed: Self-congratulation As A Basis For Social Policy Hardcover

By Thomas Sowell, Basic Books, 1995

Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Vision-Anointed-Self-congratulation-Social-Policy/dp/0465089941/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1674395387&sr=8-1

Academics and the Grid Part 3: Visionaries and Problem Solvers

By Planning Engineer Russell Schussler, Climate Etc., Jan 15, 2023

Unsettled: Climate and Science | Dr. Steven Koonin

By Jordan Peterson, Via WUWT, Jan 17, 2023

To be reviewed in the next TWTW.

The Climate Feedback Debate

By Bob Irvine, WUWT, Jan 18, 2023

Oxford Union Debate On Fighting Climate Change

By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That. Jan 16, 2023

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